Vietnamese has three variations of the vowel a, and I'm finding it useful to relate them to their equivalents in Hindi:

Vietnamese	Hindi	Example
â	अ	cân (to weigh) ≈ “kan” with the अ of कन
ă	आ (cut short)	ăn (to eat), a quick, bright “aan”
a	आ (long)	ba (three) ≈ बा

This does not cover tone marks (á, à, ả, ã, ạ), which are harder for me to grasp, since Hindi is not a tonal language.

Written with AI assistance.